Smoking And Parkinson Disease

The cause of Parkinson disease, defined by Robert Hauser, who is an author of Medscape, is still unclear. Studies state that there is a combination of environmental and genetic factors for this particular disease. Approximately 10% of cases are currently genetic causes of Parkinson disease. Environmental risk factors such as use of pesticides, living in a rural environment, consumption of well water, exposure to herbicides, and proximity to industrial plants or quarries are commonly associated with the development of Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). In addition, according to Hauser, “genetic factors in Parkinson disease appear to be very important when the disease begins at or before age 50 years. In a study of 193 twins, overall concordance for MZ and DZ pairs was similar, but in 16 pairs of twins, in whom Parkinson disease was diagnosed at or before age 50 years, all 4 MZ pairs, but only 2 of 12 DZ pairs, was concordant.The identification of a few families with familial Parkinson disease sparked further interest in the genetics of the disease.

If you eat unhealthy, fatty foods your whole life, you have a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. If you have unprotected sex, you may contract a sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or HIV/AIDS. But, Parkinson’s doesn’t racially discriminate, nor does it care if someone is wealthy, poor, educated, non-educated, male or female. Anyone can develop Parkinson’s disease. The disease begins in the brain, our most intricate, delicate organ, whose complexity is still not entirely understood, even with today’s technology and experts. The brain intrigues me. I find myself curious about brain

Parkinson’s disease is a very well-known disease. It plagues about five million people worldwide, about a million of those cases are in the United States. A person does not lower their chances of getting Parkinson’s by living in a certain part of the world. It is not more, likely to happen in one location than, another. It has to do with age and genetics (“Demographics of parkinson’s,” 2014). It is a disease of the older generation, around about one percent of people over the age of 60 years old have Parkinson’s disease (Hauser, 2014). As one ages the likelihood of a person developing goes up. About four percent of people over the age of 80 years old develop Parkinson’s disease. The percentage of people who have Parkinson’s that are younger than 40 years old, is less than 10 percent. It is more

The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible

While aging does not harm a person Its effects can devastate families, children, and acquaintances. 3 of the most well-known effects of Aging Are Parkinson's, alzheimers, and dementia. Well both diseases can take a toll on a person, they each take a different part of a person. Parkinson's effects the inner workings of the brain causing tremors And cannot be cured. Dementia is a disease that eats away at a senior citizens memory, many elderly patients have died due to the fact they forgot how to swallow and choke on their own saliva. Dementia is also linked to forgetfulness in senior citizens because it does interfere with daily living and functionality in their daily lives. Well all three diseases are very different they all do

A previous literature review(8)reported that there is an obvious link between cigarette smoking and PD. Furthermore,where direct animal studies predict a possible protective effect of smoking on the development of PD and it's symptoms, nevertheless the mechanism by which this occurs is un-clear. Therefore the mechanism by which smoking may impart a neuroprotective effect remains to be clarified in an animal model. Determining the underlining mechanism by which smoke imparts its effects may aid in defining the etiology and pathogenesis of PD, and it may be utilized in

As a neurodegenerative brain disorder, Parkinson’s disease affects the neurons in the human brain. This disease affects everyone differently. However, there are common symptoms that all patients with Parkinson’s experience. At this time, there is no cure for the disease, but there are several ways to improve the quality of life. Although research is never complete, there is a lot of information on Parkinson’s disease that individuals should know.

In 2000, Several other epidemiological studies have also found a beneficial effect of smoking in PD (6,46-47).This suggests that nicotine may contribute to the lower incidence of PD among smokers. Cigarette smoke has also been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and MAO is known to breakdown dopamine (48).Since that there have been suggested that there is a negative association of cigarette smoking with

According to a study by Murdock, Cousins, and Kernohan, these four major signs make Parkinson disease more and more crippling and life-threatening: resting tremors, Rigidity, Bradykinesia, and Postural instability. 1st sign are Resting tremors. Resting tremors are seen as the shaking of the limb, even when the person is at rest. Often, the tremor affects only the hand or fingers and the tremors can trigger during any type of movement of an affected body part. In the early stages of the disease, about 70 % of people experience a slight tremor in the hand or foot on one side of the body, or less commonly in the jaw or face. The 2nd sign is Rigidity, which causes stiffness and inflexibility of the limbs, neck and trunk. Muscles normally stretch when they move, and then relax when they are at rest. In

It affects 1 in 100 people over the age of 60, because the risk of developing this disease grows as you get older. Men are about 1.5 times more likely to get Parkinson’s disease than women. There is no known cause for it, but is thought to be caused in the decline of production of dopamine (a chemical in the brain). If you are lacking dopamine, the communications between the brain and the muscles become weaker. Parkinson’s causes pain, depression, loss of memory and affects sleep. The first symptoms of Parkinson’s is trembling, normally when the body is resting, and then the body becomes stiff. They then worsen when you struggle to walk and start to lose balance and coordination. Other symptoms include speech changes, difficulty sleeping, fatigue and constipation. It is not contagious, it is not genetic, people just randomly develop its symptoms, and these symptoms only show slowly over time. People with Parkinson’s have an increased chance of getting dementia, a disease which affects memory. There is no definite test to see if someone has Parkinson’s, it can only be seen in an autopsy. There are some ways that can give you an indefinite answer, like a CT scan or a MRI, but it can not give you a certain answer. There is no known way of preventing Parkinson’s, but stats show that people who smoke and drink coffee get Parkinson’s less than people who

Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the symptoms are “motor impairments involving resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait difficulty and rigidity” (Beal & Thomas, 2007). The cause of Parkinson’s Disease is still yet to be discovered however there is strong evidence that it is an age-related disease as it is shown to be more frequent in people who are over the age of 50 (Samii, Nutt, & Ransom, 2004). There have been many studies that suggest that exercise can improve the quantity and quality of life for those who are affected by Parkinson’s Disease. This is due to the fact, regular exercise of about 150 minutes per week has many benefits to the health of an individual

dopamine which has a profound effect on muscle control and posture. The reduction in the natural

There are nearly 40 epidemiological studies that have been published about this topic. In the late 1950's the first report about negative association between smoking and Parkinson’s disease is done by Dorn, 1959 (5) who reported decreased PD occurrence among smokers after conducting mortality studies. Later on several epidemiological studies have found that the relation between cigarette smoking and PD in patients who smoke are 50% less likely to have PD when compared to the non-smoker counterparts. This piont out that cigarette smoking may have a “neuro-protective” effect on PD (29). In the 1970’s more studies, both case-control and longitudinal were achieved, and mostly supported the negative association and protective effect of smoking in

Have you ever been in a room full of people who are smoking? Have you ever questioned why they would put their health as well as yours in jeopardy by smoking? Did you ever think smoking could be good for you? Peter Brimelow says just that in his article “Thank You for Smoking…?” In Brimlow’s article, he explains all the health benefits smoking can provide you. Such evidence as that of D.M Warbutton, a British researcher who said that smoking stimulates alertness, dexterity, and cognitive capacity(141). Citing a number of scientific journals, Brimlow has also found that smoking can reduce the risk of developing such diseases as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s,

causes or attributing factors to Parkinson disease pesticides, toxins, chemicals genetic factors head trauma. The person most at risk to Parkinson disease are males, males are slightly more likely to develop Parkinson's disease compared to females. The treatment available for Parkinson disease is surgery, surgery is an option to treat Parkinson s disease symptoms, but it is not suitable for everyone. There are strict criteria and guidelines on who can be a candidate for surgery and this is something that only your doctor and you can decide when performing deep-brain stimulation surgery, the surgeon places an electrode in the part ofthe brain most effected by Parkinson's disease. Electrical impulses are introduced to the brain, which has the