Pathophysiology And Pharmacology Learning Activity #2.

Delirium is defined as a disturbed state of mind which is accompanied by confusion, restlessness, illusions, incoherence & sometimes hallucinations.

Skull fractures are another type of traumatic brain injuries. Closed skull fractures can lead to brain hematomas and damage to the cranial nerves. Open skull fractures can occur from a direct blow or a penetrating injury. Open skull fractures related to direct blows often have increased injures related to the skull fragments being depressed into the brain or the vascular structures of the brain.

There are two kinds of head injuries: open and closed. Open-head injuries are the result of some object, like a missile or an apparatus, penetrating the skull. Closed-head injuries are the result of an impact to the head. According to Ponsford, Sloan, and Snow (2012) about 70% of all injuries to the head are closed-head injuries. Traumatic brain injuries have a severity scale range of mild to severe (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). With mild being a brief change and severe being an extended period of time.

It was September 30th, 2004. Former Pittsburgh Steeler Justin Strzelczyk drove his Ford pickup drunk the wrong way across highway I-90 colliding head-on with a tanker truck and died on impact (Finder). Justin wasn’t on drugs or drinking(Finder). Justin had a bipolar disorder from concussions from when he played football (Finder). According to WebMD “The brain is made of soft tissue. It's cushioned by spinal fluid and encased in the protective shell of the skull. When you sustain a concussion, the impact can jolt your brain. Sometimes, it literally causes it to move around in your head. Traumatic brain injuries can cause bruising, damage to the blood vessels, and injury to the nerves” (Lava). In a short and sweet version; it is a bruise to the brain. Concussions also have different levels

Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which individuals have recurrent seizures. Seizures can occur in children and adults of any age. There are around 50 million people in the world who has the disorder. Individuals in developing countries are at a higher risk for developing the disorder. Seizures occur due to hyper-excitability and hyper-synchronization of neurons. Action potential transmits messages and it leads to depolarization. When neurons are uncontrollably depolarizes because of hyper-excitability due to too little inhibition, it cause a seizure. Seizures can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. As spontaneously they can develop is also as fast and spontaneous they can end.

A concussion is a brain injury from a direct hit (blow) to the head or body. This blow causes the brain to shake quickly back and forth inside the skull. This can damage brain cells and cause chemical changes in the brain. A concussion may also be known as a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).

A concussion is traumatic injury to soft tissue, usually the brain, as a result of a violent

A concussion is where you have a traumatizing brain injury. The brain will hit the skull and cause a major injury like a concussion. Bleeding can occur inside the brain. You can also get swelling in your head which can be fatal.The harder the hit increases the risk of a serious injury.

A skull fracture is an impact and open head injury; this occurs when the patient is struck in the head with an object. An epidural hematoma is not the same as an subdural hematoma. An epidural hematoma is an impact injury. This is when bleeding happens on the dura mater. A subdural hematoma is an acceleration/deceleration injury. This is occurs when bleeding happens on the

A concussion is “a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration of brain function, including alteration of mental status and level of consciousness, resulting from mechanical force or trauma” (American Association of Neurological Surgeons). Concussions are commonly seen in sports injuries in children and adolescents, but can also occur from falls, motor vehicle accidents, physical assault, and recreational injuries. In a concussion, a blow to the head or violent shaking causes the brain to twist or bump up against the skull. The force of the brain hitting the skull may tear blood vessels, pull, squeeze, stretch, or tear nerve fibers and neural cells, and bruise the brain (Brain Injury Association). This causes disruptions in brain processing and in turn all the symptoms associated with

This “involves either the head striking a hard surface or a rapidly moving object striking the head. The dura mater remains intact and brain tissues are not exposed to the environment”(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 582). Closed (blunt) trauma can be classified as primary (injury results from the initial anatomical and physiological insult usually direct trauma to the head) and secondary (results from hypotension, hypoxia, acidosis, edema, or factors that can secondarily damage brain tissue)(Rangel-Castilla, 2014, p. 2). It can also cause mild concussion (characterized by immediate but transitory clinical manifestations) and classic cerebral concussion (any loss consciousness accompanied by retrograde and anterograde amnesia)(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 587). The degrees of concussions

An open skull fracture consists of a break of the dura that expose the cranial contents to the environment. Some of the complications that should be considered are posttraumatic seizures, infection (e.g. meningitis), blood clot, cranial nerve damage, and leaking of spinal fluid. Posttraumatic seizures occur more often among open brain injuries because causal mechanisms are poorly understood. There are many changes happening in cellular and molecular level in association with injury and repair like sprouting of new neurons with hyperexcitability and lowering in GABAergic inhibiton that leads to epileptogenesis. In term of infection, bacteria or virus can cause major infection if the wound is not kept clean and it’s important to use the correct

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to

Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. “Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue” (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation,” The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher the score,

Epilepsy, also called seizure disorder, chronic brain disorder that briefly interrupts the normal electrical activity of the brain to cause seizures, characterized by a variety of symptoms including uncontrolled movements of the body, disorientation or confusion, sudden fear, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy may result from a head injury, stroke, brain tumor, lead poisoning, genetic conditions, or severe infections like meningitis or encephalitis. In over 70 percent of cases no cause for epilepsy were identified. About 1 percent of the world population, or over 2 million people, are diagnosed with epilepsy.