Literature Review On Dividend Policy

The dividend policy has grown over the years. This may be so that the company projects itself as a less risky share and thus also gaining investors faith. The investors buy its shares and thus increase its demand. This helps to gives positive signals to the investors signalling that the company is stable and can generate earnings steadily. This hypothesis is gains standing from the dividend hypothesis theory.

When a company decides to pay dividends, it has to be careful on how much it will be given to the shareholders. It is of no use to pay shareholders dividends

George C. Philippatos and William W. Sihler, 'Models of Dividend Policy', Financial Management (Allyn and Bacon), 228-229

c. We need an exogenous shock to dividend tax rate in order to test how dividend taxation affect divided policy. I will use the 2003 Dividend cut. There are many factors for dividend vs repurchase. In addition to dividend tax, Roni also talked about the signaling role of payout policy, agency problem related to payout policy and behavioral biases related to divided vs, repurchase. Therefore, it is not clear now tax affected divided policy. An exogenous shock to dividend tax rate isolates the effect of tax on payout policy. We assume that dividend tax cut does not change other factors such firm’s agency problem or investor’s

The capital structure of a company changes the risks exposure highlighting the need to determine the impact of debt levels on financial risk (Pearson Learning, 2014). The dividend payout is the ratio of dividends per share to the earnings per share, and both ratios increased for the three years. The increase in the DPS rose at a decreasing rate resulting in slower growth in the dividend payout. The dividend per share is dependent on the total number of dividends paid out in an interim year, and the increase in the DPS was in line with the management’s efforts to reward the investors as the earnings improved. The dividend yield representing the dividend paid out relative to the share price, and the lower divided yield in December 2014 can be attributed to the higher share price hovering over $40, which was more than double the share price in the previous

The four options for dividend disbursement that FPL has are to first to keep the dividends at the status quo of 1.6%, second to slower the dividend growth to 1%, third to freeze dividend, and last to reduce or eliminate the dividend completely. When analyzing the first option, which is the keep the dividends at an increasing 1.6% per year, exhibit TN-4 shows that dividend payouts do increase from $468.38 million in 1994 to $499.08 million in 1998 with a resulting negative net cash after dividends every year till 1997 when cash is $110 million and 1998 when cash is $102 million. The payout ratio however does reduce to 84% by 1998.

What’ s more, although investors like the dividend, it is just period solution to attack people and it may not be able to keep the company growing in a long run.

The payments of interest are a fixed liability of the company so the financial manager have to decide what profit is left over for the company (Pujari, S 2015). The surplus profit is distributed to equity shareholders as dividend or it is kept aside as retained earnings. Financial managers have to decide how much to distributed as dividend and how much is needed to keep aside as retained earnings. They take in consideration the growth plans and investment opportunities (Pujari, S 2015). There are also affecting factors for dividend decision which the financial manager needs to analyze the factors before dividing the net earnings between dividend and retained earnings. Earnings is an affecting factor because dividends are paid out of the current and previous year’s earning (Pujari, S 2015). When a company experiences more earnings than the company has a high rate of dividends whereas if the experience low earnings than the dividends are low as well. Stability of earnings is another affecting factor because when a company has stable earnings they will give a higher rate of dividends, but if a company has lower earnings the dividends will be lower as well (Pujari, S 2015). Dividend decisions also has cash flow position factors where companies will declare a high rate of dividends only when the company has surplus funds. In cases where the company has a cash shortage they will also have low dividends (Pujari, S

In practice, dividend policy will be affected by taxes as tax rates for different categories of investors will differ. Also, a firm’s dividend policy is perceived by the financial markets to be a signaling mechanism. A cut back in dividends may signify that the firm perceives tough

Investors often look at utility companies for their high dividend yields and growth over time. Although a high dividend is something sought by investors in utility companies, a high payout ratio can represent a negative signal. The high FPL’s payout ratio gives the company little room for error; if earnings would be adversely impacted in the future the company would be faced with the possibility of not being able to pay the dividend.

The fact that shareholders are taxed twice through this repayment methodology infers that dividends are not their repayment technique of choice. Furthermore, paying out cash reserves through dividends also has the effect of both reducing the company’s assets and also inhibited the company’s ability to fund future growth as Dividends reduce the company’s retained earnings.

The dividends that stockholders receive and the value of their stock shares depend on the business’s profit performance. Managers’ jobs depend on living up to the business’s profit goals.

A dividend is a usually distributed in cash form to stock holders of a corporation approved by the board of director. It may also include stock dividend or other forms of payment. A stock dividend represents a distribution of additional shares to common stockholders. Dividends are only cash payments regularly made by corporations to their stockholders.

While conducting the analysis of EMI group’s dividend policy, one factor that stood out to us was the clientele effect. The clientele effect shows us who holds most of our outstanding shares. High tax-bracket individuals would prefer zero-to-low dividend payout to save on taxes. Low tax-bracket individuals would prefer a low-to-medium dividend payout, which gives them additional income while helping them save on taxes. An investing corporation would prefer a higher dividend payout because if they own a significant amount of shares, say 1 million, the income stream from that dividend would provide the company with more monetary resources while benefitting from tax exemptions. So before setting a dividend policy for EMI group, we must first

The first objection is related to the fact that this is a totally new approach concerning dividend policy, and nobody can predict what is going to happen. We consider that this may have positive effects on share prices, especially taking in consideration that it will stabilise the market price of the company.