Hohokam Archaeology: Snaketown Archaeological Site

As Indian groups started to settle in the Mississippi floodplain, their cultures and political systems began to intertwine, creating a complex sociopolitical structure (Page, 70). The largest polity to arise out of this area, known as the American Bottom, was Cahokia. At its height, it resembled a city, extending over five square miles, mounds and structures that towered over smaller dwellings, and a population, that some believe to have been the largest, north of Mexico, for its time (Page, 70). Estimates predict several thousand lived at the site of Cahokia, many of them elites, whose particular talents or skills, earned them the privileged title (Pauketat). Beyond its boundaries were smaller groups and

Chaco Canyon, located in what is New Mexico today, closer to Arizona, is one of the archeological sites with many hypothesis and conclusions full of contradiction because of its complexity of what was happening there during Chaco’s economical peak. It is one of the prehistorical places that hold the history of the humans and how complex the organization between social, religious and economical was. The remains of the amazing tall and complex buildings surrounded with roads helped the archeologists to hypothesize the use of those buildings and those roads that surrounded them.

In recent years, ancient burial grounds have been frequently disturbed due to increasing surveillance by anthropologists and constructed on by state-of-the-art technology and are more critically protected than ever before. Understanding the importance of burial grounds gives an insight on the rich history of ancient Hawaii. They have influenced the burials performed, ancestors and their modern inhabitants, and how they have impacted modern Hawaii. Burial methods will range from the tallest peaks on land to burying those in the ocean. Ancestors influence these methods depending on their rank and actions, having their modern descendants have a choice to inherit these arrangements and protect their ancestors.

Located in present day Collinsville, Illinois is Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, which was once home to the largest city north of Mexico from 700 to 1400 A.D. Settled by the Mississippian people, today their decline remains a mystery. First visited in 1811 by traveler Henry Brackenridge and considered the “discoverer of Cahokia” only in the sense that he wrote several papers and articles about the findings to the public’s attention. After walking around the mounds, Brackenridge described that the locations of the last inhabitants were clearly visible to him, as were fragments of their tools and utensils. Many extensive archeological excavations and several case study theories have come about through the years as to why this magnificent ancient metropolis faced such demise.

This essay will aim to cover several archaeology techniques and methodologies that would have been used during excavation of archeological sites, in particular the New Kinord site. These methods will provide an insight into a wide range of information that I am interested in discovering. These include what the inhabitants of the site did for a living, their diet and how the term of occupation can be determined.

One of the challenges developers faced while building these canals was flooding. In 1916 a major flood hit Yuma destroying buildings and homes and more reconstruction needed to be done. To make this water source lasts developers had to change these canals. By adding siphons along the canals and rivers making the water flowing and stable. Now with the water at a steady flow more Wheat, Cotton, Broccoli and Lettuce can be grown for the seasons. The Colorado River flows progressively, Indians in the desert are relying on Yuma on the

Starting in AD 800 and hitting its peak from 1050- 1200 AD, Cahokia covered six square miles with a population between 10,000 and 20,000 people (Jarus 1). During their 500 years, the Cahokians developed America’s first city and arguably the greatest civilization of its time, and then seemingly disappeared without a trace. But, despite Cahokia’s disappearance, a significant amount of history was left behind through earthen mounds, evolved social structures, advanced cultural practices, and Cahokia’s unexplained demise.

Thesis/Introduction- Have you ever wondered what our lives would be like if we had to get our resources from the environment around us? There would be no fast food, no stores. We would have to hunt for our own food. This is how the Plateau and Coastal tribes lived. The Chinook and Nez Perce tribes interacted with the environment differently and similarly to provide food, shelter, and clothing for their people.

The largest mound discovered in North America is Monks Mound in Cahokia, located outside of present day St. Louis and covers more than eighteen acres and is over one hundred feet tall (3). Made with locally quarried soils and built in stages over the course of a century or more, these mounds served as platforms for building, stages for religious and social activities and some were even used as cemeteries (1). It is believed that natives often occupied pre-existing settlements where the previous chiefdom had died out and the site had been abandoned; the reoccupying of these sites lead to the buildup of the earth mounds. Mounds were formed in the shape similar to a pyramid with the top cut off leaving a platform on the summit. Mounds were used to define the public space of the settlements plaza. The chief’s house was always on the largest mound in the settlement. If the mound was large enough a temple could be added or even a mortuary house so natives could prepare their dead. If the chief’s mound was not big enough then the temple mound would be adjacent to the chief’s mound in the plaza so that they would face each other (2).

With irrigation has imorovped so much.So how does geography impact the development of irrigation it changes because with it might look like nuclear fallout and maybe somethings can live there but it’s not this place might seem like a desert but it’s not we have irrigation which is half of the jobs in Southern Arizona which is a good thing. So what was the various costs to irrigation they were many costs for the Southern Arizona irrigation projects. Post construction one of the cost for these are the wages they were getting payed for if they skilled or unskilled. Also there was economic impact the jobs that was coming in because irrigation projects which made really big “Part of this impact is in the form of annual tax contributions, which are estimated at $32 million.” This shows that how much big of an impact this was. One of the biggest thing that help with irrigation was the gold rush from the citrus groves the profit was around “a net profit in 1925 of $800” this helped so much with the

Cahokia, named by archaeologists, is the largest Mississippian settlement across the United States; it is located just south of the Lawrenz Gun Club Site (Fig. 7). When Cahokia was an active and thriving city, it was believed that Cahokia spanned 16 Km2 and encompassed over 120 man made mounds that all served different functionalities (CahokiaMounds 2015). According to anthropologist Timothy Pauketat (2009), “Cahokia is an ancient city along the Mississippi River, located opposite of modern-day St. Louis, Missouri and was as large in its prime as New York and Philadelphia before the mid-1700s, a home to ten-thousand indigenous peoples.” The land was dominated by the presence of human-constructed mounds, which some archaeologists have speculated

The Chumash people have a deep history which has attracted the attention of various researchers. They lived along the Pacific Coast and had a population of about 20,000 individuals who occupied 150 villages. Notably, their political structures consisted of hereditary chiefs who were responsible for making the crucial decisions regarding their respective communities. Additionally, they represented their people in the confederation meetings and also handled any disputes that arose. The establishment of the villages was subject to the availability of resources such as fish and other animals, or the presence of good natural defenses (Sutton, 2016).

Some challenges that Yuma County had with the Irrigation System was flooding, the use of water for crops on farmland, the supply of water for irrigation, and the transfer of water from the canals. Millions of years the Quechan Indians would depend on the flooding river to fertilize and irrigate the farmlands crops Companies had formed irrigate lands in the Yuma Valley, but they were not successful at all with this plan they thought would work.

EARLY AMERICA If I were to be thrust back in time, I would prefer to live in the Aztec Empire rather than the Great Basin. I’ll first be discussing the pros and cons of the Great Basin culture then I'll discuss the pros and cons of the Aztec empire and why I would prefer to live in the great basin culture over the Aztec empire. Thе Grеat Basin is almost all of Utah and Nеvada.

In addition, Prentiss’ et al., (2007:299) research was designed to address the following issues. (1) What are the cultural changes at Keatley Creek site? (2) Is there evidence of inequality at the Keatley Creek site? If so, (3) How did institutionalized inequality emerge and what caused this? (4) What are the demographic and economic relations at the site? (5) When did large scale occupation at the Keatley Creek site begin? (6) When did the village emerge (Prentiss et al.,