Introduction
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s epic poem Parzival stands as one of the richest and most profound literary works to have survived from the middle ages. Lost in obscurity for centuries until rediscovered and republished by Karl Lachmann in 1833, the poem enjoyed at least as great a popularity when it was first composed as it does among today’s readers: Some eighty manuscripts have been preserved, in whole or in part, from Wolfram’s era (Poag 40). Among the more intriguing aspects of the work is
Wolfram’s handling of the depiction and development of two of the story’s primary characters, the knights Gahmuret and Parzival, father and son. Central to the action of the text from its inception, yet never sharing a scene, these men
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Background and General Characteristics of the Poem
Little is known of Wolfram’s life; even the dates of his birth and death are uncertain (Hasty ix). Perhaps for this reason, Poag begins his biographical discussion of
Wolfram with an extended description of life under the reign of Frederic Barbarossa
(13). Due to the paucity of reliable sources (outside the scant information given by
Wolfram in Parzival itself), scholars are left largely to surmise and suppose what kind of man Wolfram was and how he lived. André Lefevere recognizes that Wolfram was himself a knight, as the poet reminds his audience on several occasions (vii). He was, furthermore, a ministeriale—one of the poorer class of knights without significant land holdings or an important title—in a society and era in which knights were, for various political reasons, being increasingly denied the influential duties and responsibilities which were their raison d’etre (vii-viii). The intensifying societal disadvantages with which knights of his day had to contend may help explain why Wolfram depicts his fictional knights as nobler, essentially, than members of the nobility of his day. Lefevre goes on to assert convincingly that much of Parzival’s action and plot stems from the marginalization of honor and loyalty which Wolfram must have experienced; that is to say that, in order to respond to a world in which
Although the Knight and the Squire both possess the same occupation, they exhibit disparate approaches in relation to devotion. In regard of battles, it was the prime objective in the Knight’s description, whereas in the Squire’s, was barely a significant component. All of the Squire’s involvement amidst the military is very shortly revealed saying that “he had seen some service with the calvary/ In Flanders and Artois and Picardy,” (Chaucer 87-88) while the Knight’s list of battles is the focus in his description. The Knight traveled “along the Mediterranean coast” (Chaucer 61) to multiple regions including Russia, North Africa, Anatolia, etc. and also fought in “fifteen mortal battles” (Chaucer 63) and “always killed his men” (Chaucer 65) showing evidence of his devotion to
During medieval times, a knight was expected to be loyal to those above him, and come serve them when it was time to fight, and “The great peers of the kingdom could call upon minor lords in their dominions to come fight on their side, under one banner,” but they all rallied towards the King, and disobeying him was extremely frowned upon (Jokinen). Near the end of the middle ages, this loyalty became a system known as Livery and Maintenance, and contributed greatly to the military aspects of the Wars of the Roses. Livery and Maintenance was the practice of keeping large numbers of knights on reserve, essentially a lord’s personal standing army. These knights would wear the Lord’s badge and livery, which, in addition to payment for their service, gave them a sort of prestige, as long as their lord was powerful. Since Lords could raise their own private armies, they had the choice to refuse support to the king if they did not like him. This was a massive change in the structure of feudalism, as standing up against the King was generally impossible without an army. The houses of Lancaster and York would not have gotten anywhere against each other without the help of powerful landowners like Richard Neville, sometimes called “The Kingmaker.” Livery and Maintenance gave the Noble class the ability to fight for who they wanted on the throne, whether a York, or a
For my report, I chose to summarize how Brian Helgeland’s movie “A Knight’s Tale” (2001) draws its medieval themes and story from Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales: The Knight’s Tale”. Besides the nearly identical titles of these works and the moderately similar storyline, it can be further proven that “A Knight’s Tale” is an adaption of “The Knight’s Tale” because Geoffrey Chaucer appears as a character himself—and a vital one at that—in the movie. Furthermore, just to make certain that there is no mistake among the viewers about who they are dealing with, Geoffrey Chaucer (Paul Bettany) even refers to himself as a writer in the movie and points out his very first own work “The Book of the Duchess” in disbelief when some peasants don’t
In the Medieval Period, knights dedicated their lives to following the code of chivalry. In Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur, a number of characters performed chivalrous acts to achieve the status of an ideal knight. Their characteristics of respect for women and courtesy for all, helpfulness to the weak, honor, and skill in battle made the characters King Arthur, King Pellinore, and Sir Gryfflette examples of a what knights strove to be like in Medieval society. Because of the examples ofchivalry, Le Morte d’Arthur showed what a knight desired to be, so he could improve theworld in which he lived.
Knights are one of the most mistaken figures of the medieval era due to fairytales and over exaggerated fiction novels. When medieval knights roamed the earth, it was known that they were only human and, like humans, had faults. These knights did not always live up to the standards designated by society. However, in The Canterbury Tales, the knight is revealed as a character that would now be considered a knight in shining armor, a perfect role model in how he acts and what he does. Modern day people see them as chivalrous figures instead of their actual role as mounted cavalry soldiers. As time passes, the idea of what a knight is changes from a simple cavalry soldier to a specific type of behavior.
In Geoffrey Chaucer’s poem, The Knight’s Tale, the author encapsulates chivalrous characteristics in his telling of a battle for love. In its fundamental form, chivalry idealizes a knight’s conduct, both on and off the battlefield (Gregory-Abbott). Chaucer employs this “heroic code [of] bravery, loyalty, and service to one's lord” to illustrate the idillic knight throughout the narrative (Rossignol). Chaucer’s poem, The Knight’s Tale, exhibits the ideals of chivalry in the form of two knights, desperately in love with the same woman, and a wise Duke who embodies the voice of reason. Each knight upholds honor through compassion, troths, and heroism on the battlefield, despite their afflictions with each other.
During the time period of the late sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century the concept of what nobility is and what it was conceived to be varied greatly as more modern thoughts developed and desperation of monarchs grew to meet such demand. The arguments related to nobility differed greatly, but these were the most crucial; the difference between the sword and the robe and the right to even hold such a position at all.
To what extent was William Marshall’s life as a knight different from other knights of the time? Invariably it was not that much different than those of his peers until his later life. The one thing that set him apart from other knights was his fierce dedication to loyalty.
Knights live their lives bounded to a “chivalric code”. A set of rules that tell them how they should be. The chivalric code tells these men to fight bravely, always stay loyal to one’s lord, and to treat people with kindness. Knights are generally portrayed in the media in intense battles, jousting, or at the round table. In Marie De France’s poem “Lanval” we see a number of different knights. Lanval is a knight said to be more brave and more beautiful than anyone to come before him, and for this he is reprimanded. He is left out and forgotten by not only the other knights but also by his King. As brave and beautiful as this Lanval is he falls short in fulfilling all areas of his chivalric code. Lanval is not a true and honorable knight because
Many people in medieval times viewed knighthood as a Holy Calling, with the knight’s Code of Chivalry acting as a sacred text, which governed both their behavior and ethics. In battle, these valiant warriors were courageous, loyal, and willing to sacrifice their lives for their lords. Protecting women was an esteemed value, and knights demonstrated grace and gentleness toward this tender gender. Additionally, knights considered it their duty to defend all those who were feeble and infirm. In spite of such a strict code of moral conduct, some knights took advantage of their position and became “robber knights”. Because of their power, they found it practical to band together into organized crime, which often harmed the very ones that they had been charged with defending. Although a few “bad apples” (certainly) tainted the reputation of this eminent group, the knights continued to
The Truth Behind the Knight: The Presence of Archetypes in Sir Gawain & the Green Knight
Although the Knight and the Squire both possess the same occupation, they exhibit disparate approaches in relation to devotion. In regard of battles, it was the main point in the Knight’s description, whereas in the Squire’s, was barely a significant component. All of the Squire’s involvement amidst the military is very shortly revealed saying that “he had seen some service with the calvary/ In Flanders and Artois and Picardy,” (Chaucer 87-88) while the Knight’s list of battles is the focus in his description. The Knight traveled “along the Mediterranean coast” (Chaucer 61) to multiple regions including Russia, North Africa, Anatolia, etc. and also fought in “fifteen mortal battles” (Chaucer 63) and “always killed his men” (Chaucer 65) showing evidence of his devotion to his profession. This is the opposite of the Squire’s distracted attitude as shown in the text when it says, “He could make songs and poems and recite, /Knew how to joust and dance, to draw and write” (Chaucer 97-98). The Squire’s focus is fixated on his own entertainment instead of this profession, displaying how he is not as dedicated to his work compared to his father. Chaucer’s countless descriptions about battles in the Knight’s description shows how the Knight is chivalrous and dedicated, willing to fight solitarily in a moments notice, while in the Squire is more focused on himself than battles, showing how they both exhibit disparate approaches in relation to devotion
With the king being the owner of all the land, protection was required to ensure this continued. This was achieved by loyalty of the knights. Though the exchange of land the knights agreed it fight under the king’s coat of arms. With the knight’s extensive range of weapons use, horsemanship and chivalry, it was said that a mounted knight was worth the equivalent of ten foot soldiers, making them a force to be reckoned with on the battlefield. The more knights the king had with his coat of arm the greater the land he possessed, increasing the king’s status within the feudal system. Without the loyalty of the knights. This would not have been achievable
Geoffrey Chaucer’s romantic poem “The Knight’s Tale” chronicles the adventures of two ancient Greek knights and their quest to win the affection of Emily, a beautiful noblewoman. Bound to uphold the chivalric code of loyalty and honor of the time, Palamon and Arcite discover themselves at odds with their noble ideals as they battle one another in pursuit of love. Unable to reconcile the knight’s oath of honor with their obsessive and selfish desires, the actions of Chaucer’s main characters fail to uphold the basic principles of chivalry.
This story tells me that Chaucer holds the knight in high regard. As the creator of this character and his tale, he displays his fondness of the characteristics which he attributes to the knight. Chaucer uses many great adjectives to describe the knight in the general