The problem the study is addressing is whether people are more likely to smile back to a stranger on sunny days or cloudy days.
2. What are the questions investigated or hypotheses tested?
The hypotheses that was tested was that people are more likely to reciprocate a smile to a passerby on a sunny day rather than a cloudy day.
3. What previous work or theories informed the study?
There have been several studies done that show human social relationships and behavior are positively affected by good weather. On sunny days, people are more willing to answer interview questions. On sunny days, people are more likely to leave a better tip for servers. On cloudy days, it has been found that college applications are more heavily weighted on
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I think that was a good call because the “confederates” may have acted in a different way if they knew that they were supposed to be getting people to smile at them on sunny days versus on cloudy days. They were also strategically positioned so that they weren’t recording the results of the same people more than once. This was important because one person may have smiled every time, whereas other people might not want to smile back. Because there were so many precautions taken and so many things had to be just right in order for them to conduct the study, I believe that all important characteristics were measured with reasonable …show more content…
Are the results statistically significant? If there are mixed results, identify which are significant and which are not.
When they were first analyzing the data, they realized there was not a significant difference in cloudy or sunny days when there was a smile in return. To account for effects that the variables may have had, a 2x2x2 log-linear analysis was applied. After more evaluation they were able to pinpoint some differences and identify what was important.
11. What is the pattern of results for each broad question that was addressed?
Overall, passersby reciprocated a smile more readily on sunnier days than on cloudier days. It seemed that both men and women were more likely to smile back if the “confederate” was a woman. They saw that men were less likely to smile back to another man.
Evaluating Discussion
12. Which conclusions appear to be well supported by the pattern of results; and which conclusions do not appear to be well
Results of the experiment overwhelmingly supported the hypothesis. Particularly in the measurements of smiling. Male-female dyads showed extraordinarily higher frequencies of smiling during conversation than the other dyads. Both same gender dyads showed relatively marginal to moderate frequencies for smiling. Eye contact frequencies were also higher for male-female dyads, though not as overwhelmingly as smiling. In contrast, both same gender dyads showed relatively low frequencies for eye contact.
This current study examined if the pairing of the DE100 IPTV logo with a positive image of happy graduates ‘the experimental condition’ would result in more participants liking the DE100 IPTV Logo than those in the ‘control condition’. This association being a principle of evaluative conditioning where someone likes something because it has become linked in their minds with something positive. After collecting the data, a chi-square test showed the results were not statistically significant, meaning that there were no significant differences seen between the experimental and control conditions in how many participants reported liking the logo. Thus, it was noted that the effect size was small and therefore the hypothesis made, that more
Amongst the statistically significant data, male researchers received more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral and a smile compared to its own gender at p<.01 for female researchers is receiving more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral face. In perspective of the difference between female and male researchers, females received more smiles from the same gender while male researchers received more smiles from the opposite gender. These data sets confirm the part in the hypothesis about men being less likely to offer a smile.
For my syllabus assignment, I found a fascinating article titled “Why Women Smile” by Amy Cunningham. This is a great piece that looks at how women’s emotions are still heavily influenced by society, whether its suppressing certain emotions or exaggerating false ones. While this article was written over a decade ago, I feel like the points brought up and the overall message are still very relevant in todays culture and society.
5. In your own words describe what you think the results tell us. What do the results mean? How do you interpret the
Main Idea: Your physical expression and attitude can affect your mood. MSD: The act of maintaining a frown caused the students to feel angry. Those students induced to make a smiling face reported feeling happier and found cartoons more humourous. Half of the class felt different depending on what they were told to do.
Socio-economical factors such as meteorological variables, temperature, rainfall and even the amount of sunshine can affect moods and feelings about situations, including playing a part in suicide (Xin, Wenbiao, et al. 2015). So referring back to one of the variables, sunshine, scientists have proven that
One of my goals for this semester is to try to smile more during my sessions to show warmth. I think by showing warmth it will hopefully allow my client to open up more and they will feel more comfortable talking and sharing with me. I think by smiling it shows warmth, and it also shows the client that I want to be there and that I am engaged with what they have to say. My method of evaluation for this goal will be to review all my recorded sessions for the semester and watch my facial expressions regarding smiling and if I appear warm. By watching the recordings I will also be able to determine if my smile is portrayed as genuine or fake. I will also evaluate my goal by asking for feedback from peers, and ask them if they thought my facial
The experiments design was conducted well. Since the experimenters chose all Caucasian newborn infants, it was a good idea to use Caucasian faces because that is a face they are most used to. Also, it was a good idea to use female faces instead of males faces because the newborn infant spend months in their mothers stomach and have a connection with females since the females are the parents who care for the newborn infants the most and are more likely to stay at home with them. For example, females breast feeding newborn infants and staying at home with the newborn infant longer after their maternity leave is over. Once it was known that attractive faces are preferred over unattractive faces, seeing if the orientation of the face changes the looking time is important.
| Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re-test reliability and validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are
She mentioned a psychologist that had studied eighteen different types of smiles that showed meaning (Cunningham 173). This psychologist was named Paul Ekman. While studying the smiles he discovered that they can show love, fear, confusion, and many more things. Cunningham talks about how many times in life a woman is judged by how approachable they are by their smiles (Cunningham 174). In addition to her talking about how women are judged by their smiles, she also talked about how a friend of hers was pulled aside after class to ask if she was okay because she had not smiled that day.
4- Barry T. Hirsch and Albert N. Link’s study which provides neutral opinion and does not support Harvard Study
His method of testing involved altering the mood of participants with a “test” of verbal abilities, and a subsequent attribution task to measure how affect influenced their perceptions. To alter participants’ moods, a sentence-completion test was used. The average completion score was at nineteen sentences, while the minimum completed by all was fourteen sentences. The “happy” group was told that answering seven to thirteen correctly was “average” and thirteen or higher constituted an “above average” score. The “sad” group was told that “average” was twenty-seven to thirty correct answers, meaning that they were below average. The control group was thanked and told that their answers would help refine the test and were dismissed.
Overall, results indicate that the manipulation of the color of questionnaire had no effect on mood. However, there was an effect of time of day on mood as well as an effect of gender on mood. The results did not support the main hypothesis that different colors would elicit different moods. Thus, this study found no support for the prediction that brighter colors would elicit positive moods, whereas less bright colors would elicit negative moods. These results do not support past research findings that brighter colors tend to elicit positive moods, whereas, dark colors elicit negative moods (Hemphill, 1996; Kaya & Epps, 2004). Moreover, this result was not expected given the previously discussed research by Weller and Livingston (1988)
The survey result shows that The Day After Tomorrow did increase my respondee’s awareness of climate change as the avenge score she gave was 4.75, implying an obvious influence on her.