Central Limit Theorem Abraham De Moivre, a French mathematician, published an article 1733, which he used the normal distribution to approximate the distribution of the number of heads resulting from many tosses of a coin. His work was nearly forgotten until another French mathematician can along who name was Pierre-Simon Laplace. Laplace explained De Moivre’s findings by approximating the binomial distribution with normal distribution. In 1785 Laplace introduced the characteristic functions which were the sum of error distribution, which took the value of -1 and +1 with equal probabilities. This work helped Laplace with the concept of the CLT, which he wrote a paper on in 1810. Sime`on Denis Poisson tried to provide an exact mathematical analysis to Laplace theorem. Poisson provided proof of the CLT for identically distributed variables. At the end of the 19th century mathematician was changing their train of thoughts from computational to fundamental (“pure” math) mathematic. Dirichlet and Bessel followed in the footsteps of Laplace and Poisson. They introduced the “discontinuity factors”, which proved Poisson’s equation for an arbitrary value of n. Cauchy’s was the first mathematician to consider probability theory as “pure” mathematics. He found an upper bond to the difference between the exact value and the approximation and then specified conditions for those bound to tend to zero. The problem with his theorem was that it was not proven for distributions with
Due to financial hardship, the Nyke shoe company feels they only need to make one size of shoes, regardless of gender or height. They have collected data on gender, shoe size, and height and have asked you to tell them if they can change their business model to include only one size of shoes – regardless of height or gender of the wearer. In no more 5-10 pages (including figures), explain your recommendations, using statistical evidence to support your findings. The data found are below:
His most famous accomplishment was in 1866, writing The Logic of Chance, a groundbreaking book that explained the frequency theory of probability. The Logic of Chance offered that probability should be determined by how often
Descartes theory regarding clockwork universe inspired others to further investigate the countless mysteries in nature. By 1687, Isaac Newton developed his Principia Mathematica, which astounded the scientific community. Newton was successful in devising simple principles to describe a massive quantity of occurrences in the natural world, using
According to the website http://womenissues.about.com/cs/abortionstats/a/aaabortionstats.htm there are approximately 126,000 abortions conducted each day throughout the world. This website includes the abortion statistics of the world and breaks the data down to the demographics of the United States. It also discusses the decisions to have an abortion and the use of contraceptives in the United States. This was an informative website and included detailed statistics conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute. According to the website http://www.bls.gov/cps in 2000, gon average there were roughly 135 million employed and 6 million unemployed people in the labor force in the United States.h (p. 3) The websites definition of
8. Question : Which of the following is a provision of the central limit theorem?
Blaise Pascal was a brilliant mathematician and experimenter, and he was the voice that still protested against the new science and the materialism of Descartes. His investigations of probability in games of chance produce his very own theorem, and his research in conic sections helped lay the foundations for integral calculus.
Furthermore, his discovery was important because it's been the three laws of motion which also formed the basis of modern physic. The discovery, he made also led to a more powerful way to solving mathematics.
In Europe, the second half of the 17th century was a time of major innovation. Calculus provided a new opportunity in mathematical physics to solve long-standing problems. Several mathematicians contributed to these breakthroughs, notably John Wallis and Isaac Barrow. James Gregory proved a special case of the second fundamental theorem of calculus in AD 1668.
The story began in a sunny afternoon in Cambridge in the 1920s. A group of scientists was having a tea party when a lady claimed that there was a difference in taste between the cups where tea was poured into milk and the cups where milk was poured into tea. Sir Ronald Fisher who became a famous statistician suggested an experiment to test the lady’s hypothesis. The story then goes to the 1890s when the statistical revolution started. Karl Pearson was considered by many as the founder of mathematical statistics. Pearson discovered the skew distributions stating that they would cover any type of data scatter and he described these distributions by four numbers; mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and symmetry. Later a Polish mathematician, Jerzy Neyman showed that Pearson’s skew distributions can not be used to explain all possible distributions. Sir Francis Galton who discovered fingerprints was also interested in statistics and he founded a biometrical laboratory to measure height and weights in families to find a mathematical formula that predict the height of children from the heights of their parents. He described regression to the mean where heights of the children moved away from
The speaker for the Ted talk series on fooling juries first talks about the chances of a result from a coin toss is a specific order. The speaker presents two different patterns of the coin toss, one set as HTH and the second as HTT. The speaker then proposes three different answers, first that the average number of tosses until HTH is larger than the average number of tosses until HTT. The second possible answer is that the average number of tosses until HTH is the same as the average number of tosses until HTT. The third is that the average number of tosses until HTH is smaller than the average number of tosses until HTT. Just bases off of the information given and without attempting to solve the question, the most logical answer that I selected was B, being that the average
The mathematic that not only facilitated in the renaissance but provide the key a new science of nature from Galileo.
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a
Sir Isaac Newton once said, “We build too many walls and not enough bridges.” Aside from his countless contributions to the worlds of math and science, this may be his most important quote because it is what he based his life on—building bridges of knowledge. Throughout his life he was devoted to expanding his and others knowledge past previously known realms. Often regarded of the father of calculus, Newton contributed many notable ideas and functions to the world through his creation of calculus and the various divisions of calculus. Namely, Newton built upon the works of great mathematicians before him through their use of geometry, arithmetic and algebra to create a much more complex field that could explain many more processes in
Mathematics has contributed to the alteration of technology over many years. The most noticeable mathematical technology is the evolution of the abacus to the many variations of the calculator. Some people argue that the changes in technology have been for the better while others argue they have been for the worse. While this paper does not address specifically technology, this paper rather addresses influential persons in philosophy to the field of mathematics. In order to understand the impact of mathematics, this paper will delve into the three philosophers of the past who have contributed to this academic. In this paper, I will cover the views of three philosophers of mathematics encompassing their
He proposed that under certain circumstances light could be considered a particles. He also hypothesized that the energy carried by a photon is depositional to the frequency of radiation. The formula E= HU proves this. Virtually no one accepted this theory but thought differently when Robert Andrews Millikan proved it.